Introduction.Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an orbivirus that infects both domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted by Culicoides spp. Sequencing and RT-PCR assays for genome segment 2 of the 24 bluetongue virus serotypes: Identification of exotic serotypes in the southe eastern USA (1999-2006), World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Melbourne, Australia.Mertens, P. P. C., N. S. Maan, A. Samuel, A. E. Shaw, A. C. Potgieter, S. J. Anthony, and S. Maan. A few bluetongue viruses have additional names (e.g., Toggenburg orbivirus for the prototype strain of serotype 25). 15: 1-46.Cowley, J. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 539-544.Shad, G., W. C. Wilson, J. O. Mecham, and J. F. Evermann. Prog Clin Biol Res 178: 109-19.Luedke, A. J. 1994. 165-172, In Compans, R.W. Diagn. Infection of the vectors and bluetongue epidemiology in Europe. Dis. Diagn. Analysis of the roles of bluetongue virus outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5 in determination of virus serotype. 122: 37-43.Pearson, J. E., G. A. Gustafson, A. L. Shafer, and A. D. Alstad. 178: 71-8.MacLachlan, N. J. 9: 118-124.Shaw, A. E., P. Monaghan, H. O. Alpar, S. Anthony, K. E. Darpel, C. A. Batten, A. Guercio, G. Alimena, M. Vitale, K. Bankowska, S. Carpenter, H. Jones, C. A. Oura, D. P. King, H. Elliott, P. S. Mellor, and P. P. Mertens. Infect. 2011, Maclachlan et al. 4: 400-5.Bath, G. 1989. Serotypes enzootic to the US are BTV-2, 10, 11, 13, and 17; however, exotic serotypes have been isolated recently in Louisiana (BTV-1) (Johnson et al. Diagn. 2005. 2002). 40: 587-593.Zhou, E. M., D. Ridd, J. Riva, L. Fernando, and A. Clavijo. Isolation of the bluetongue virus from Texas sheep; Purse, B. V., P. S. Mellor, D. J. Rogers, A. R. Samuel, P. P. Mertens, and M. Baylis. 2008. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Riboviria / Orthornavirae / Duplornaviricota / Resentoviricetes / Reovirales / Reoviridae / Sedoreovirinae / Orbivirus / Bluetongue virus. 2004. This may be associated with a warming climate, providing favorable conditions for potential vectors, and may result in higher infection rates, faster rates of virogenesis, earlier transmission (Mullens et al. 1992. 2004. Circulation of virus among susceptible domestic and wildlife species is necessary for a complete and relevant epidemiological assessment and risk analyses for the US. Comp. 1990. Bell. However, the most recent BTV outbreaks in Europe have spread much further north (53•N). Disease(s) associated with this pathogen is/are on the list of diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Last Modified: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Price, D. A., and W. T. Hardy. Identifying bluetongue virus ribonucleic acid sequences by the polymerase chain reaction.

Here, we used reverse genetics for AHSV to study the role of outer capsid protein VP2, encoded by genome segment 2 (Seg-2).

1954. Bluetongue, pp. B., A. D. Alstad, G. A. Gustafson, and K. M. Moser.

A. Mullens, and N. J. MacLachlan. Infection by exotic BTV strains is of concern not only for the direct loss of wild ruminants, but also because they serve as virus reservoirs for the spread and perpetuation of disease outbreaks in livestock (Drolet et al. This capped mRNA is translocated to the cell cytoplasm where it is translated. 1999. 349-357, In 2nd International Congress for Sheep Veterinarians, Massey University, New Zealand.Bonneau, K. R., C. D. DeMaula, B. BTV belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus with 20 recognised species in the genus. B., G. A. Gustafson, A. D. Alstad, K. A. Adler, and K. M. Moser. 10/7/2016

Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne non-contagious infectious disease of domestic and wild non-African ruminants. 1971. Genetic reassortants for identification of the genome segment coding for the bluetongue virus hemagglutinin. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 17: 207-20.Gibbs, E. P. J., W. J. Tabachnick, T. J. Holt, and D. E. Stallknecht. Detection of bluetongue virus from blood of infected sheep by use of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after amplification of the virus in cell culture. Environmental effects on vector competence and virogenesis of bluetongue virus in Culicoides. B. Katz, M. M. Sawyer, G. Y. Akita, B. I. Osburn, and W. J. Tabachnick. 2004. J. Vet.

Sci. 31: 3028-30.Katz, J. Nested and multiplex polymerase chain reactions for the identification of bluetongue virus infection in the biting midge, Wilson, W. C., J. L. Archer, and C. C. L. Chase. Meth. White-tailed deer are the wildlife species most often affected by enzootic BTV, the most likely wildlife reservoir, and therefore, the most likely wildlife species to play a role in the ability of EU-BTV-8 to become established. The viral polymerase VP1 synthesizes a capped mRNA from each dsRNA segment. Detection of bluetongue virus in the blood of inoculated calves: comparison of virus isolation, PCR assay, and in vitro feeding of Matthews, R. E. F. 1982. Virus family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus with 20 recognised species in the genus. Another important epidemiological unknown is whether EU-BTV-8, if introduced, would cause devastating disease similar to that seen in Europe. Development and evaluation of an IgM-capture ELISA for detection of recent infection with bluetongue viruses in cattle. Exotic Bluetongue Viruses Identified from Ruminants in the Southeastern U.S. from 1999-2006, American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Reno, NV.Johnson, D. J., E. N. Ostlund, D. E. Stallknecht, V. H. Goekjian, M. Jenkins-Moore, and S. C. Harris.

5: 154-158.Akita, G. Y., J. Chinsangaram, B. I. Osburn, M. Ianconescu, and R. Kaufman.

Bluetongue Virus (BTV) is a pathogenic virus that causes serious disease in livestock.

1992. Differentiation of Italian field and South African vaccine strains of bluetongue virus serotype 2 using real-time PCR. Isolate: KUW2010/02. 1971, Matthews 1982).

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