Shortly before Hugo Grotius, he is said to have taken decisive steps in the application of a modern concept of sovereignty to international relations and in the development of an autonomous, secular jurisprudence.The second volume contains essays by leading scholars of legal history, international law, classical literature, and political science investigating Gentili’s role in the context of the formation of early modern legal theory (and, at least in one of the contributions, practice) and his ideas of empire and war as legal concepts.This review addresses some of these publications’ key aspects and their relation to today’s theory of international law.

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They promise to be truly ground-breaking: opening new debates and enabling unforeseen revisions of the established ones.

Ascertain the benefit of having a coordinated schoolwide plan for vocabulary instruction, including early literacy development. The first of these aspects is the above-mentioned picture of Gentili as a ‘humanist’ author who would focus on self-preservation and abandon ambitions of objective or public international law. Test.

In the end, it turns out that Gentili advances not so much a proto-positivist concept of law and a realist concept of sovereign power as his own blend of political responsibility and natural law.A number of contributions stress that in Gentili’s new approach to international law and to the law of war the most characteristic and momentous innovation was precisely what opposed him to the older, ‘theological’ tradition that had discussed war and international relations in terms of a just, unitary global order and of sinful or virtuous actions.In this picture, a plurality of self-interested, sovereign states is ordered by a balance of power, and one might even discern a peculiar ‘cunning of reason’ built into the constitution of nature, by virtue of which men are led by self-interest, or ‘utility’ broadly understood, to pursue and bring about an order of ‘justice’.On the other hand, the contrast between ‘humanists’ and ‘theologians’ often rests on stylized versions of the theories,This quandary becomes more topical when one considers Gentili’s conception of enforcement of Finally the treatment of pirates and its generalization to a concept of the unlawful enemy makes it possible to exclude actors from legality altogetherTaking the organization of international law around the paradigm of private law and the simultaneous endowment of private law with the normative force of natural law to be the gist of Gentili’s systematic approach, the analysis of private ordering might be seen as the starting point for the discovery of more general rules of international law and Gentili as an inspiring author for attempts to theorize such general rules, their applicability, and their binding force. David Lupher’s contribution to the second volume discusses this in more detail.As a matter of his elaborate style, Gentili used irony and sarcasm, rhetorical questions, and all sorts of other devices amply.Apart from the immense number of classical works cited, the bibliography of postclassical works used by Gentili also comprises no fewer than five pages, from the historian Paulus Aemilius Veronensis (c. 1455–1529) to John Xiphilinus, an epitomator of Dio Cassius of the 12th century.For the following see Panizza, ‘Alberico Gentili’s Ando, ‘Empire and the Laws of War: A Roman Archaeology’; Pagden, ‘Gentili, Vitoria, and the Fabrication of a “Natural Law of Nations”’, and, to a certain extent, Lupher, ‘The Apart from the two essays mentioned and cursory discussions in the other contributions, cf. The Invader’s Remorse’, 11 Those not covered here are omitted because they play a role in the ensuing discussion of two systematic issues inspired by the volume as a whole. Andreas Wagner, Lessons of Imperialism and of the Law of Nations:Alberico Gentili’s Early Modern Appeal to Roman Law, This review discusses two recent publications – a critical edition of a primary source and a collection of essays – around the Theory of International Law of Alberico Gentili (1552–1608).

However, comparing Gentili’s equation of Cf.

On the other hand, the sceptical objections and reservations of the Accusator as regards the law’s formalism become more pertinent as well and it is regrettable that neither Gentili’s Defensor of Roman justice nor a greater number of contributors to John Richardson inquires into the development of the notions of Both Noel Malcolm and Peter Schröder agree that Gentili’s concept of unjust enmity serves to create conceptual room altogether outside the polycentric order of sovereign states and becomes a political tool, eventually excluding Indians (and to a certain extent Ottoman Turks) from the realm of legitimate actors in the international sphere.

1  8), the expansion into the ‘Orient’ (Chs 9–10), to the age of the Caesars (Ch.

But whereas Schröder treats this as a matter of indispensable political trust relationships, Malcolm emphasizes that Gentili’s actual justification of such conceptual moves relies on theological arguments.

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