Rhodophytes are usually multicellular and grow attached to rocks or other algae, but there are some unicellular or colonial forms. However, most scientists assume that the Phaeophyceae evolved from unicellular ancestors.Fossils comparable in morphology to brown algae are known from strata as old as the Upper The earliest known fossils that can be assigned reliably to the Phaeophyceae come from Based on the work of Silberfeld, Rousseau & de Reviers 2014.Brown algae have adapted to a wide variety of marine ecological niches including the tidal splash zone, rock pools, the whole intertidal zone and relatively deep near shore waters. First, members of the group possess a characteristic color that ranges from an Whatever their form, the body of all brown algae is termed a Many algae have a flattened portion that may resemble a leaf, and this is termed a In some brown algae, there is a single lamina or blade, while in others there may be many separate blades. Free-living dinoflagellates are an ancient and successful group of aquatic organisms. Dinoflagellates have attracted a lot of negative attention from the general public in recent times. There are about 130 genera in this group of unicellular microorganims, with about 2000 living and 2000 fossil species described so far. The cell covering of unarmored species is comprised of a membrane complex. These toxins are carried up the food chain, ultimately to humans and can, sometimes result in permanent neurological damage or even death. Large blooms of freshwater Cyanobacteria may produce toxins that can kill livestock. Additionally, certain species of dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins. The smallest members of the group grow as tiny, feathery tufts of threadlike Regardless of size or form, two visible features set the Phaeophyceae apart from all other algae. Their green color comes from chlorphylls a and b.Most chlorophytes are aquatic, but some green algae can live on the surface of snow, on tree trunks, in soils, or symbiotically with protozoans, hydras or lichen-forming fungi.
In tropical seas, they range in size from microscopic filaments to several meters in length. The primary means of reproduction is asexual, by cell division.
Cyanobacteria can also occur as symbionts of protozoans, diatoms and lichen-forming fungi, and vascular plants. They are classified on the basis of following characteristics: Primary photosynthetic pigments.
Dinoflagellates share features common to both plants and animals: they can swim, many have cell walls, and both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic species are known. Algae Classification. In systematics, dinoflagellates have been claimed by both botanists and zoologists. The shoot then divides and forms nodes from which a whorl of side filaments projects. They branch by getting wider at their tip, and then dividing the widening.Aside from filamentous forms, there are two main types of tissue organization in the brown algae: pseudoparenchymatous (haplostichous) and parenchymatous (polystichous).The cell wall consists of two layers; the inner layer bears the strength, and consists of cellulose; the outer wall layer is mainly algin, and is gummy when wet but becomes hard and brittle when it dries out.Genetic and ultrastructural evidence place the Phaeophyceae among the The closest relatives of the brown algae include unicellular and filamentous species, but no unicellular species of brown algae are known. Some species have a stage in their life cycle that consists of only a few cells, making the entire alga microscopic. The large kelps are harvested for use as an emulsion stabilizer, in products such as ice cream.
Most diatoms are autotrophic, but a few are obligate heterotrophs (they must absorb organic carbon) because they lack chlorophyll altogether.
Diatom frustules have accumulated over millions of years to form the fine, crumbly substance known as diatomaceous earth, which has a variety of uses (e.g. Classification. Their nutrition varies from autotrophy (photosynthesis; in-nearly 50% of the known species) to heterotrophy (absorption of organic matter) to mixotrophy (autotrophic cells engulf other organisms, including other dinoflagellates). The giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , forms expansive seaweed forests off the west coast of North America and provides habitat and shelter for many other organisms. The typical color of plants in the Chlorophyta, resulting from the dominant chlorophyll pigments, is some shade of apple or grass green, although certain species may appear yellow-green or blackish-green due to the presence of carotenoid pigments or high concentrations of chlorophyll. Except for their male gametes, diatoms lack flagella. used in the food and drug industries. Calcified green algae, particularly Halimeda spp., are especially important as major contributors of marine sediments. Alga is the singular of algae with a changing size from microscopic unicellular micro-algae (Chlorella and Diatoms) to large massive kelps that are usually a length extending in meters (200 feet) and then there's brown alga. Yet dinoflagellates are important members of the phytoplankton in marine and freshwater ecosystems.The Phaeophyta are almost entirely marine, frequently dominating rocky shores in cold and temperate waters throughout the world. The overlapping shells, or frustules that surround the diatom protoplasm are made of polymerized, opaline silica.
Most diatoms are planktonic, but some are bottom dwellers or grow on other algae or plants. The colors of brown algae (predominantly due to the brown accessory pigment fucoxanthin) cover a spectrum from pale beige to yellow-brown to almost black. The coralline red algae deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls, making them particularly tough and stony.
Habitat – Freshwater, Marine and terrestrial. Coralline red algae can form an algal ridge that absorbs wave energy and thereby protects the more delicate organisms that inhabit the sheltered lagoons and back-reef habitats. The variety of striking colors exhibited by Cyanobacteria are a result of their major light-gathering pigments, the phycobilins, that are bound to protein granules, (phycobilisomes), that are attached to the photosynthetic membranes. They are free-swimming protists (unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms) with two flagella, a nucleus with condensed chromosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies. They have adapted to pelagic (free-floating) and benthic (attached) habitats from arctic to tropical seas, and to salinities ranging from freshwater, to estuaries, to hypersaline waters.
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